Peace be upon you. I hope you are well and wish you goodness and safety. Those who want to learn about the noble companions have history before them and should research their lives. Let us read about Ali ibn Abi Talib.
Ali ibn Abi Talib ibn Abd Al-Muttalib Al-Hashimi Al-Qurashi (13 Rajab 23 BH / March 17, 599 CE–21 Ramadan 40 AH / January 27, 661 CE) was the Prophet Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, a member of his household, and a companion. The source also associates him with guardianship after the deaths of Muhammad’s parents and grandfather. Sunnis regard him as the fourth Rightly Guided Caliph and one of the ten promised Paradise; Shia Muslims regard him as the first Imam.
He was born in Mecca, with historical sources reporting that his birth took place inside the Kaaba. [1] His mother was Fatimah bint Asad Al-Hashimiyyah. He accepted Islam before the migration, becoming the second or third person to do so and the first boy. He migrated to Medina three days after Muhammad, who made Ali his own brother when establishing brotherhood among Muslims and married him to his daughter Fatimah in the second year after the migration.
Ali took part in all the Prophet’s campaigns except Tabuk, when Muhammad left him in charge of Medina. [2] His strength and skill in battle contributed significantly to Muslim victories, notably at the Trench and Khaybar. Muhammad trusted him as a scribe of revelation and a leading envoy and adviser.
Ali’s status and relations with other companions are subjects of historical and doctrinal disagreement among Islamic groups. Some believe God chose him as guardian, imam, and caliph, announced by Muhammad in the Ghadir sermon. They therefore regard Abu Bakr’s selection as contrary to Muhammad’s teaching and see some companions’ relations with Ali as strained. Others deny that such an appointment occurred and regard those relations as good and stable. Differences over Ali are described as the original basis of the Sunni–Shia dispute through the centuries.
Ali received allegiance as caliph in Medina in 35 AH (656 CE). His rule lasted five years and three months, marked by political instability but notable cultural progress, especially in the new capital, Kufa. Numerous battles grew out of the unrest surrounding Uthman’s killing. Muslims divided between supporters of Ali as legitimate caliph and supporters of Uthman seeking vengeance, led by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, whom Ali fought at Siffin. Aisha bint Abi Bakr, Talha ibn Ubaydullah, and Al-Zubayr ibn Al-Awwam fought him at the Battle of the Camel after, in the source’s account, instigators provoked conflict. The Kharijites also rebelled, and Ali defeated them at Nahrawan. Groups hostile to him and rejecting his rule and policies were called Nawasib, with the Kharijites described as prominent among them. He was killed by Abd Al-Rahman ibn Muljam in Ramadan 40 AH, 661 CE.
Muslims know Ali for eloquence and wisdom, and many poems and sayings are attributed to him. Hadith and historical accounts portray him as a symbol of courage, strength, justice, and asceticism. He is also regarded as one of his era’s greatest scholars in knowledge and jurisprudence, or the greatest, as believed by Shia Muslims and some Sunnis, including several Sufi groups.